Analysis Of The Book Land Of The Free And The Immigrant

In consummation America, the land of forgiveness, provided Amir with the basis to reach atonement due to his newfound maturity. Once Amir and Baba arrive in the United States of America, the emotional growth of Amir was unambiguous. From the time in which he mended relationships with the Nguyens after Baba attempted to steal oranges, to the time he accepted Rahim Khan’s request for him to come to Pakistan, Amir’s growth was conspicuous to readers once he began living in the United States of America. U.S. News’ article â€Å"Land of the Free †¦ and the Immigrant,† authored by Mortimer B. Zuckerman states â€Å"It is a grand tradition in America to welcome foreigners to our shores, especially people with the ambition and the talent to contribute to our future. This has always been a part of the greatness of America, which we celebrated this past Independence Day.† Along these lines, one can deduce the ideology that America accepts immigrants with open arms, eager to incorporate them into the melting pot of America. Further, these arms do not discriminate, as past wrongdoings are absolved. Amir’s life in San Francisco is splendid and he quickly assimilates into the local community and the American way of life. Thus, after enduring the laborious, life threatening, Amir’s maturity had come to fruition, now that he has a platform to display his new character amidst adulthood. Moreover, America served as a blank slate for Amir. On the grounds of Afghanistan, Amir was smothered by guilt.Show MoreRelatedThe World s Largest Incarceration Rate992 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America is known as a country of independence, liberty, and rights; within the lines of our national anthem the Stars Spangled Banner, it is clear to see how the phrases the land of the free and home of the brave, symbolize the ideals that have been centralized into the American Society for hundreds of years. Despite being recognized as a world power; for its military structure and the believed system of possibilities in terms of self advancement, the United States of AmericaRead MoreLife of Edgar Allen Poe from Immigration to Poet1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe New York Harbor which many immigrants had to pass through, the words â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this quotation gave immigrants hope while entering the new land (Educating About Immigration). Immigrants made great contributions to the United States with the opportunities they were given. (Educating About Immigration) As many people may know Alexander Graham Bell the creator of the telephone was a Scottish immigrant (National Inventors Hall of FameRead MoreEffects Of Immigration Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesof America. According to Alan Allport, The United States has been a land of immigration for the past 200 years (Allport, 2005). Most of the original immigrants came from Europe espe cially the British Isles, the African slaves who were brought in to work the plantations and the Hispanic migrants from central and southern Americas. However, over the years, rules and regulations have been introduced to control the number of immigrants entering America. A broad range of circumstances including famineRead MoreMarx Theory Of Reserve Army Of Labour1500 Words   |  6 Pagesproletarians who remain unconscious of their role in unpaid labour. Immigrants become the primary source of cheap labour. migrant labour has become manipulated in the world markets by successful capitalist countries, like the US. Most would agree that economic migration began with the advent of capitalism. This kind of migration only became possible because of the creation of a â€Å"dually free† labour force: the proletariat. In society today, immigrants are exploited for their labor in return of given accessRead MoreEssay about Gilbert Osofsky’s Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto109 2 Words   |  5 Pagesneighborhood of Harlem, New York. Ososfky’s timeframe is set in 1890-1930 and his study is split up into three parts. His analysis is convincing in explaining the social and economic reasons why Harlem became the slum that it is widely infamous for today, but he fails to highlight many of the positive aspects of the enduring neighborhood, and the lack of political analysis in the book is troubling. In â€Å"Part One: The Negro and the City,† Osofsky describes the early Black neighborhoods of New YorkRead MoreAnalysis Of The Literary Work Let America Be America Again By Langston Hughes1324 Words   |  6 PagesName : Tobit Jones Kalai Prof.: Tara Lesko English 102 Historical analysis of the literary work â€Å"Let America be America Again† by Langston Hughes Man has always been interested in analyzing issues in the history of the world. People tend to appreciate it when grand historical events are described in works of literature. Consequently, writers and poets, try to capture every single step of societal and personal experiences in their works. One of such writers is Langston Hughes whose poemRead MoreWomen And Women Of The Chesapeake Area During The Nineteenth Century Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesIroquois Confederacy, spread across northeastern New York and Ontario during the same time period. Through the analysis, the necessity of the study of women s work will become evident; it aids historians in understanding women s past: including gender perceptions, the myriad of experiences faced by different women, and the changes over that occurred over time. Though traditional history books paint the workers in the United States as all male, the women were very much a part of the labor force. HoweverRead MoreThe United States : The Land Of Opportunity1609 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as the land of opportunity. With this belief present around the world, an individual from any country is confident that once he arrives on American soil, he will be able to create a better future for himself and his family based on his own hard-earned merit. Coupling this prevailing belief of opportunity with the country’s separation of Church and State, a powerful duo emerges. Immigrants are willing to seek residence in the capital of the free world. While such a promised land does exist,Read MoreWayson Choys All That Matters1589 Words   |  7 PagesChercover in her analysis of Wayson Choy’s All That Matters, she argues that there is a significant trade-off in its ability to facilitate â€Å"survival in the diaspora, [as] it often carries a steep price†(12). This price that results from passage across â€Å"national, ethnic, gender and class boundaries† (Chercover 12) appears to weigh more on female immigrants. Immigration and the papers that facilitate it, tend to favor positive outcomes for males however, for many female immigrants the â€Å"ghost papersRead MoreAnalysis Of Brother IM Dying By Edwidge Danticat1461 Words   |  6 PagesEdwidge Danticat uses her memoir to show how powerful a voice is to have, how it makes a difference in not only your life, but the ones without a voice, the ones who cannot speak for themselves. In the book, Brother, I’m Dying, written by Edwidge Danticat, which tells us how her younger life growing up in Haiti with her uncle, affects her after she moves to the US to be with her parents at the age of 10 years old, this drastically changes the relationships she has with her uncle and father, creating

Essay about The High Cost of Branded Drugs in the United...

â€Å"What I learned from the film was that generic drugs are selling better than the branded medication I assume it is because of the cost, of the branded are too high for consumers in the United States to afford to buy it. In the United States the pharmaceutical company’s go through a strenuous trial before they can get a patent for a medication to sell to the public. They are under strict regulations in the United States by the Federal Food Drug Administration, they go through clinical trials before they can get a patent for medication to be distributed to the public. It also references the point that weak nations must have access to reasonably priced medications, treatments and vaccines is also creating a huge opportunity such as Africa.†¦show more content†¦They can make billons by selling generic medications to developing countries abroad, from the film it states there will be a 20% increase in evolving markets by 2020. These generic medications are marketing fast because of the price for the medicine. (www.utube.com, 2014)†. Physical condition expenditures in the U.S. remained approximately ninety percent greater than in several other developing states. The shared potential reasons are elder costs, additional willingly accessible gear, and overweight says: the Kaiser family foundation. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012. Roughly seventy-five percent of health care money are exhausted on patients between one or additional frequent situations, some of them can be stopped, counting sugar, overweight, respiratory failure, lung infection, high plasma, and cancer. (www.mdvip.com.2014). America has the greatest amount of medicated citizens comprehensively in addition to the least healthy. America distributes ample currency on behalf of health care, America should have the finest organization of the world, and however, something has gone very improper. Practically 1/2 of Americans, currently uses medication on a regular base according to a CDC report that was newly released. Permitting the analysis, roughly 1/3 of citizens consume two or greater, pharmacological medicines, and ten percent of all Americans’Show MoreRelatedSolutions For The Spiraling Prices Of Pharmaceuticals816 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinesses in the United States, because individuals want to be healthy and live longer. In order to stay healthy, individuals are more likely to have multiple prescriptions or over-the-counter medication, especially the elderly. Every month, about half of the population of Americans take different forms of medication such as, vitamins, birth control or antibiotics. These different forms of medication help millions of people in different ways and save lives. The article, â€Å"High drug prices,† states that theRead MoreThe Competitive Landscape Of The Industry1268 Words   |  6 PagesPharmaceuticals largely depends on their ability to discover and market new drugs. The desire to cure illness and disease is what demands pharmaceutical companies like Mylan to be empowered to do their very best. Companies like Mylan Pharmaceuticals, profit from their economies of scale in research, manufacturing, and marketing. A competitive strategy analysis will show why Mylan Pharmaceuticals is one of the leading generic and specialty drug manufacturing companies in the world. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS InRead MorePharmaceutical Companies and the Availability of Hiv Drugs to African Countries851 Words   |  4 Pages1) Is the monopoly on patented pharmaceuticals warranted? What barrier to entry prevents the re-importation into the United States of pharmaceuticals sold at lower prices abroad (say, in Canada)? Pharmaceutical companies try to maintain a monopoly in the early stages of a drug in order to recover Ramp;D investment. During this period of exclusivity they will try to make a fair profit. This is not a monopoly in the true sense of the word because this period is limited in time. It is perhaps betterRead MoreMedicinal Chemsitry1138 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly called a `drug` but according to Goeltze(2000) who is a chemist at the University of Ukraine gave a general opinion in an interview, stating that many scientist dislike the term `drug` since society views the word with suspicion. With media headlines such as â€Å"drug trafficking In Namibia† or â€Å"Drug Addiction sweeps city streets†, this is hardly surprising .However, Medicinal Chemistry suggests that a distinction can be made between drugs which are used in medicine and drugs which are abusedRead MoreFactors Affecting The Generic Drug Industry998 Words   |  4 Pagesin generic drugs has slowed cons iderably from 42% in 2011 to 10% currently. IMS Health predicts the growth to maximize at 90% of the prescription market (Salazar, 2015). Though there is not much room between generic drugs currently representing 83% of prescription drugs and the predicted 90% maximum, the next twelve months appear a safe investment period for the generic drug industry when considering the currently growth rate. Many factors influence success in the generic drug industry; amongRead MoreGeneric Drugs : The Rising Cost1208 Words   |  5 PagesGeneric Drugs: The Rising Cost â€Å"Historically, generic drugs have long been considered a vital weapon in the fight to contain soaring health care costs. But in the past years, the price of many generics is disconcertingly moving in the wrong direction, drawing the attention of Congress and pricing the wallets of consumers as well as pharmacies and insurers† (Hirst). Generic drugs were introduced to help combat the rising cost of health care and allow market competition for the brand-name drug. HoweverRead MoreAnalysis of a Healthcare Video2346 Words   |  9 Pagesthat will be faced by the health care system of the United States in the near future because of some of the issues that are present pertaining to the pharmaceutical companies and the regulations of the health care system. It should be noted here that generic medicines are the medicines that are being used in America more than the branded ones. The reason for this is that these medicines are cheaper than the branded medicines. However, the sa me branded medicines are available in other countries at a cheaperRead MoreBuyer Bargain Power Of The Pharmaceutical Industry1377 Words   |  6 Pageslack of knowledge about prescription drugs, and also, the pricing is usually not a concern for them as they rely on insurance to cover the cost of the medicines. Physicians, just like the patients, do not wield much power on the pharmaceutical companies either, unless they are associated with hospital boards. Due to their ability to purchase in bulk, hospitals and pharmacists are able to exert some bargain power, but reliability on insurance to cover the costs lowers the significance of bargain forRead MoreSwot Analysis of the Glaxosmithkline.1477 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping treatments. GlaxoSmithKline has created a dedicated RD group to focus on diseases of the developing world (DDW), specifically malaria and TB, with a DDW drug discovery centre at its Tres Cantos RD site in Spain and clinical development experts in the UK and US (Ifpma. 2009). They initially discovered and developed the first anti-HIV drug approved for use, the reverse transcriptase inhibitor azidothymidine AZT (Pharmaprojects. 2009). GSK is working with WHO (World Health Organization) and NHSRead MoreBrotherhood Of Evil : The Mafia1674 Words   |  7 Pagesmanaged popular perceptions of drugs and organized crime in America—a threat it often abbreviated as ‘the dope menace’ or ‘narcotics evil’—and used police adventure stories to advance its domestic and foreign policy goals† (Pembleton 2015, p. 1) The publishing of Brotherhood started the association of drugs as a widespread disease and drug users as criminals who wanted to do harm to not only themselves but also others (Pembleton 2015). In an address to the United States Congress in 1971, President

Plain People Free Essays

In this way, we can really see that after her amiss experience, Charlotte was a typical occidental â€Å"18-year-old girl† she was lazy, always grabbing a new technology stuff and only interested in fashion. Whereas now, after the experience, she is a whole new person with a whole new view about the world surrounding her, she starts helping her parents, only bye useless things and appreciate life for Its true meaning. 3- After the experience of Charlotte in the amiss community, she became a complete another responsible person. We will write a custom essay sample on Plain People or any similar topic only for you Order Now During her 6 weeks shove learnt the true meaning of life as explained above. Nowadays, her project is to became amiss but also to became a better person in the society and in her family. 4) Jones Family 4, Smith road Midfielder, OHIO First of all, I hope that you’re well. For my part, I’m missing you like hell and I ‘m nowadays considering you as my second family. I don’t think you can imagine how much my stay wire you changed me and my relation to the world. Before, Before eating you, I was the stereotype of the pathetic occidental 18-year-old girl who only take care of her. Today, I’m totally different , Eve a whole new vision of our world , I help my parents, and take care of them and of everyone who needs it. I’m really mature now, ‘feel useful in the society. And you’re the cause of all this thanks to the fact that you helped me open my eyes and SE the worlds as it ‘s truly. Thinks I would miss Cell phone- Parties- Internet-Faceable- Mainstream- Twitter- Watchstrap- Modern way of remonstration- Music Freedom-Modern Clothes. Again, I hope all is well with you. And let me know if you ever need anything. I all miss you tons, you’re my second family! Have a fun time, and stay safe. Please write back when you get this. I’d love to hear all about how everything is going. Sincerely, Charlotte Allison 5) In the case of being separated from these things, ‘would probably get mad because my whole life turn’s around them, but I will need to adapt myself to this new woof living to find new hobbies. How to cite Plain People, Papers

Soil Carbon for Water Availability and Production- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSoil Carbon for Water Availability and Production. Answer: Introduction Soil carbon which includes both soil organic matter and inorganic carbon is an important component of the soil, whose role in the carbon cycle is significant. My working thesis therefore is. Soil carbon has multiple benefits. Multiple researchers have added their contribution to the role of carbon in the soil. (Dell, 2008) views Soil carbon as significant in the regulation of biodiversity, wares supplies, and the climate. Through this role, he states that Soil carbon enhances the well-being of humans through the provision of essential ecosystem services. According to him, Soil carbon is the main determinant of soil fertility. Its main importance includes nutrients release for the growth of plants and promoting physical, structure and biological health of the soil. It also shields the soil from dangerous substances (Dell, 2008). This is also supported by (Banwart, Noellemeyer, Milne,2015), who have defined soil carbon as a complex mixture of microbial biomass, faunal and semi-decomposed plant organic substances. The main roles played by soil carbon include regulating water availability and supporting food production. It also improves the health and fertility of the soil beside moderating changes in climatic conditions (Banwart, Noellemeyer, Milne,2015). A change in the quality or quantity of the soil carbon can significantly affect the ability of the soil to perform its ecosystem services. Conclusion Based on the above viewpoints, its therefore important to note that the importance of soil carbon in the ecosystem is significant. Its main roles include maintaining the fertility of soil, enhancing food production and regulating the availability of water. It, therefore, needs to be managed carefully References Banwart, S. A., Noellemeyer, E., Milne, E. (2015). Soil carbon: Science, management, and policy for multiple benefits. Dell, C. (2008). Soil Carbon Management: Economic, Environmental, and Societal Benefits. Journal Of Environment Quality, 37(5), 1999. https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0014br

Types of Businesses free essay sample

1.Rob Lopez wants to have three rooms in his home painted. He visits the local Home Depot store, selects the paint colours from samples available in the Paint Department and purchases six gallons of Glidden brand paint, which he estimates is sufficient to paint the rooms. After paying for the paint, Rob stops by the service counter and looks at a list of independent painting contractors. He decides to contact several of the contractors to request estimates on painting the rooms. Answer: Based on the paragraph, the types of businesses carried out would be intermediaries and services business. Paint Department in Home Depot store is providing intermediaries business as they buy Glidden brand paint and sell it out to their customers. Service counter in Home Depot store is providing services business as they provide information of independent painting contractors. 2.Molly Russell loves to cook and has finally turned her hobby into a business by opening Molly’s Gourmet Meals, producing complete gourmet meals that are fully cooked and ready to heat and eat. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Businesses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because she believes in using the finest and freshest ingredients, Molly purchases all of her produce from a small farm close to her home. Molly sells her gourmet meals through various outlets, including the deli departments at several local supermarkets. Because she needs to remain in the kitchen overseeing production, Molly has contracted with another small business person, Stephen Daily of Daily Deliveries, to deliver the meals to the supermarkets. Answer: Based on the paragraph, the types of businesses involved would be producers, intermediaries and services business. According to the paragraph, the producers would be the small farm close to Molly’s house while the producer would be Molly’s Gourmet Meals as Molly produces complete gourmet meals. Stephen Daily of Daily Deliveries is providing services business to Molly for delivering meals to the supermarkets. On the other hand, the intermediaries would be the supermarkets as it receive delivering orders and at the same time sell them to customers. 3.Jeff Martin owns a mobile dog grooming business, On the Go Grooming, which allows customers to conveniently have their pets groomed at home. Jeff purchased three vans from a local dealership and took them to Custom Car  Creations to have sinks, drying stations, and grooming stations added to allow him and his staffs to shampoo, dry, and clip dogs right in the customer’s driveway. Each van also contains built-in cabinets, which are stocked with an assortment of animal care products, which Jeff orders in bulk from the manufacturer. Because many of his customers have begun asking if they can purchase some of the pet care products for use at home, Jeff recently began ordering some of the products in smaller packages to sell to customers. Answer: Based on the paragraph, at the beginning, Jeff Martin is providing services business which is On the Go Grooming that allows the customers to conveniently having their pets groomed at home. Besides that, Jeff Martin purchased vans from local dealership who provided intermediaries business. Jeff Martin expanded his business to intermediaries business as his customers requested to purchase some for the pet care products for use at home and he begin to order those pet care products in smaller packages to sell to his customers.

Environment and Renewable Energy

Environment and Renewable Energy Introduction A greater focus on renewable energy development is necessary in this day and age due to the various problems brought about by the use of fossil fueled power plants, which have caused not only an increase in the amount of pollution in the air, but have also brought adverse climate change as well as an increase in the amount of people with respiratory illnesses (Mandal, Habib, Zhang, Mukherjee Tornatore 2013).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environment and Renewable Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on this, the paper will delve into the effects of fossil fuels, the necessity of renewable energy resources in mitigating such a problem and the current attitudes and support towards â€Å"green energy† production. Weather The problem with using fossil fuel burning power plants as the primary method of energy production within a country is the impact it has on the weather. It must be noted that an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere actually causes heat to be trapped within the Earth’s atmosphere, which has lead to stronger storms and droughts around the world. This has the potential to cause various problems, which can be seen in the case of South East Asia and the U.S. which have experienced an increase in the amount and strength of storms in their areas (Shi, Du, Yang, Tang, Fan, Zhang, Lu, Ge Chang 2013). Figure. 1 Carbon Emissions DataAdvertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Waste Management In figure 2, an examination of the current amount of carbon emissions into the atmosphere by 2010 reveals that 25,000 metric tons of carbon emission gas were released by various sources into the atmosphere by the city of Beijing alone. This number is a combination of both emissions from motor vehicles as well as those coming from fo ssil fuel burning power plants (Qi, Zhang Karplus 2014). Climate Change Studies such as those by Simsek Simsek have stated that not only have these emissions contributed significantly to the rise in respiratory diseases, but they also brought the current trend in global climate change as evidenced by the increase in temperatures around the world (Simsek Simsek 2013). This has lead to an adverse situations in many countries resulting in either droughts, floods or other forms of adverse climate change. Necessity of Renewable Energy Resources Renewable energy technologies are methods of energy production that utilize naturally replenishable resources such as solar, wind, geothermal heat and tides energy. Unlike fossil fuel based methods of energy production, renewable energy technologies are nonpolluting and are a source of potentially limitless energy since they are not dependent on a finite source of power (Wright,Dey Brammer 2013). As such, by focusing on renewable energy develo pment, this should help to resolve the various issues related to climate change and the increase in the number of individuals with respiratory diseases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environment and Renewable Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current Attitudes and Support towards Renewable Energy The Green Movement can be summed up as a political ideology, which main goal is the creation of an ecologically sustainable society where conservation and sustainability are everyday practices rather than isolated rarities in an increasingly consumerist global population (Liu, Lieu Zhang 2014). The main concept that drives the Green Movement is the idea that the finite resources available on Earth cannot support the potentially infinite expansion of humanity. It is a belief that states that the Earth itself is a closed off ecosystem with no resources entering into it. As such, its surface can only support a certain population of species before the ecosystem inevitably collapses in on itself as a result of a severe strain on the planets natural and ecological resources (Culley, Carton, Weaver, Ogley-Oliver Street 2011). Conclusion Overall, what this paper has shown is that a greater focus on renewable energy development must be implemented due to the adverse effects that the present method of energy production has on people and the environment. Reference List Culley, M, Carton, A, Weaver, S, Ogley-Oliver, E, Street, J 2011, Sun, Wind, Rock and Metal: Attitudes toward Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Sources in the Context of Climate Change and Current Energy Debates, Current Psychology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 215-233 Liu, Z, Lieu, J, Zhang, X 2014, The target decomposition model for renewable energy based on technological progress and environmental value, Energy Policy, vol. 68, pp. 70-79 Mandal, U, Habib, M, Zhang, S, Mukherjee, B, Tornatore, M 2013, Greening the cloud using renewable-ener gy-aware service migration, IEEE Network, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 36-43Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Qi, T, Zhang, X, Karplus, V 2014, The energy and CO2 emissions impact of renewable energy development in China, Energy Policy, vol. 68, pp. 60-69 Shi, Y, Du, Y, Yang, G, Tang, Y, Fan, L, Zhang, J, Lu, Y, Ge, Y, Chang, J 2013, The use of green waste from tourist attractions for renewable energy production: The potential and policy implications, Energy Policy, vol. 62, pp. 410-418 Simsek, H, Simsek, N 2013, Recent incentives for renewable energy in Turkey, Energy Policy, vol. 63, pp. 521-530 Wright, D, Dey, P, Brammer, J 2013, A fuzzy levelised energy cost method for renewable energy technology assessment, Energy Policy, vol. 62, pp. 315-323

Civil Rights Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Civil Rights Act - Essay Example Reconstruction, also known as Radical Reconstruction, was the period after the American Civil War. During this time, the South was in political, social, and economic turmoil and eleven Confederate states had already seceded from the Union during the wartime unrest. In response, the Union attempted to regain order in the Confederate states during the Reconstruction era. The ex-slave states were divided into 5 military districts by the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and an assistant commissioner was appointed to each district. (McElrath 2008 Afroamhistory.about.com) After the Civil War, Congress established a Bureau for the refugees,Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, known as the Freedmen's Bureau. We find in McElrath's article that it provided with food, medical care, helped with resettlement, and very noble it established schools. Due to inadequate funds, corruption and inefficiency it closed in 1870.While the Freedmen’s Bureau worked to help Southern blacks, opposition to their new fr eedom was mounting. In 1865, several Southern states passed legislation creating black codes. Depending upon the state, these laws generally restricted blacks’ right to own property, controlled where they were allowed to live, established a curfew, and forced blacks to work as agricultural laborers or as domestics. The Black Codes were quickly eliminated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Act gave blacks the rights and privileges of full citizenship. (McElrath Afroamhistory.about.com 2008). ... agricultural laborers or as domestics. The Black Codes were quickly eliminated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Act gave blacks the rights and privileges of full citizenship. (McElrath Afroamhistory.about.com 2008). The Reconstruction Act of 1867 eliminated white controlled Governments. President Johnson, successor of Lincoln had reneged his promise to implement Lincoln's Reconstruction plan so that States could revise legislatures and implement less severe codes instead of eliminating all the black codes. With the Reconstruction Act, blacks were given the the freedom to participate in the political process. Black became ordinary 10489 4 to kill and torture the black. Affter the Reconstruction ended all changed at constitutional conventions, helped to write laws and became state legislators. In June 1866, Congress proposed the 14th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. It provided blacks with citizenship and guaranteed that federal and state laws applied equally to blacks and whites. With the passage of the Amendment, Congress also provided that Southern states could not be readmitted to the Union until it ratified the 14th Amendment. All of the states, except Tennessee, refused to do so. By 1870, however, the remaining 10 states ratified the 14th Amendment. (McElrath Afroamhistory.about.com 2008). In 1870, African Americans were given the right to vote through the 15th Amendment. According to this amendment, the right to vote applied to citizens regardless of race or color. Despite this right, some Southern states added grandfather clauses to their state Constitutions in an effort to counter this new right. Typical clauses stated that the right to vote extended only to citizens or